نویسنده: Yahya1369

Understanding Ethereum’s Genesis Hash: A Key Concept in Blockchain Technology

Ethereum, one of the most widely-used blockchain platforms, relies heavily on its unique concept to ensure the integrity and security of transactions. One critical aspect of this is the genesis hash, a fundamental element that denotes the origin of a new block in the Ethereum network.

What is the Genesis Hash?

In simple terms, the genesis hash is the “hash” or digital fingerprint of a block on the blockchain. It’s essentially a digital fingerprint that identifies a specific point in time and provides a unique identifier for that block. This hash serves as a crucial link between the previous block (the “previously known state”) and the new block (the “newly created state”).

Genesis Hash in Action

To put this into perspective, imagine a chain of events unfolding on the Ethereum network. When a new block is created, it is given a unique digital signature that corresponds to its genesis hash. This allows nodes (computers) on the network to verify whether they’ve received an accurate and complete copy of the blockchain.

BOLT Documents: A Source of Insight

The BOLT (Blockchain Onion Layer Transaction) documents are essential resources for understanding Ethereum’s inner workings. According to these documents, the genesis hash is used to denote the origin of a target blockchain. This enables nodes on the network to create and reference channels on multiple blockchains.

Lightning Network Documentation: A Detailed Look

In the context of the Lightning Network, a decentralized payment system that allows for fast and cheap transactions between users, the genesis hash plays a crucial role in establishing relationships between nodes. By referencing this hash, nodes can create and maintain channels on several blockchains, ensuring seamless interactions.

Conclusion

The genesis hash is an indispensable concept in Ethereum’s blockchain architecture, serving as a critical link between blocks and enabling secure transaction verification. Its importance lies not only in its role as the digital fingerprint of a new block but also in its use in establishing relationships between nodes through the Lightning Network. As the development of blockchain technology continues to evolve, understanding the genesis hash will become increasingly valuable for professionals and enthusiasts alike.

The Unique Features of AI-Generated NFTs

Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) have become a staple in the world of digital art and collectibles. They represent unique, one-of-a-kind items that can be bought, sold, and traded online. However, while many NFTs are created using traditional methods, such as computer-aided design (CAD) software or drawing tools like Adobe Photoshop, AI-generated NFTs are a relatively new phenomenon. In this article, we’ll explore the unique features of AI-generated NFTs.

What is an AI-generated NFT?

An AI-generated NFT is created using artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms that generate unique digital artwork or collectibles. These algorithms can mimic human creativity, but with a twist: they use machine learning to analyze and process large amounts of data, allowing them to create new and innovative pieces.

Unique Features of AI-Generated NFTs

• Originality: Unlike traditional NFTs, which are often created by hand or using existing artwork, AI-generated NFTs offer a level of originality that is hard to find in other forms of digital art.

• Unpredictability: Because AI algorithms use machine learning and data analytics to generate their creations, there is no predictability in terms of the look, style, or content of the final product.

• Variety: AI-generated NFTs can be created in a wide range of styles, from realistic portraits to abstract masterpieces, making each one unique and distinct.

• Value: As AI-generated art becomes more sophisticated, its value is starting to be appreciated in the marketplace, potentially leading to new business models and revenue streams for creators and collectors.

• Ownership: As AI algorithms generate digital assets, they often raise interesting questions about ownership and authorship: Can a machine really create something unique and original?

How ​​are AI-generated NFTs created?

Creating an AI-generated NFT involves several steps:

• Data Collection

  : The creator collects data about their topic or theme of interest, which is then analyzed using machine learning algorithms to generate the desired artwork.

• Algorithmic Processing: The algorithm processes the collected data and generates a unique digital representation of the final product.

• Digital Art Creation: The AI-generated artwork is then created in digital format, often using 3D modeling software or other specialized tools.

Challenges and Opportunities

While AI-generated NFTs offer many exciting opportunities for creativity and innovation, they also raise several challenges:

• Authenticity: Verifying the authenticity of an AI-generated work can be a challenge, as it may not be possible to distinguish between a human-made work of art and machine-generated digital art.

• Intellectual Property Rights: As AI-generated NFTs become more widespread, questions about ownership and authorship are likely to arise, potentially leading to new debates about copyright law and intellectual property rights.

• Monetization: The AI-generated NFT market is still in its early stages, with many creators struggling to monetize their work, but this could change as the technology becomes more sophisticated.

Conclusion

AI-generated NFTs offer a new perspective on the world of digital art and collectibles, bringing together the best of human creativity with the power of machine learning. While they present several challenges and opportunities, they have the potential to revolutionize the way we think about ownership, authenticity, and value in the digital economy.

As AI-generated NFTs continue to evolve and become more sophisticated, it will be interesting to see how creators and collectors respond to these new art forms.

Ethereum: Bitfinex API Limitations Explained

Being a popular cryptocurrency exchange, Bitfinex allows users to use its API for various purposes, such as automating trading strategies or integrating them with other applications. However, the platform appears to have recently implemented an API limit of 60 requests per minute on its Ethereum (ETH) API endpoint.

Why is there an API limit?

The reason for this API limitation can be various factors, but now we will look at a few possibilities:

• One IP: The most likely explanation is that an API restriction prevents all requests from the same IP address originating from the same account. This is done to prevent abuse and ensure efficient processing of each user’s requests.

• Usage intensity: Although it is not explicitly stated, it is possible that the API limit is intended to prevent excessive usage, especially if users make an unusually large volume of requests in a short period of time.

Can I bind more than one IP address to one account?

Unfortunately, at the moment the answer is negative. The current API limit is set per IP address, not per user account. If you are asking to connect several accounts from the same IP address, you will have to create separate accounts on Bitfinex or use a proxy service that allows simultaneous requests from different IP addresses.

How ​​to bypass this limitation?

To get the most out of the Ethereum API, consider the following alternatives:

• Using multiple accounts: Create separate accounts for different users and use them separately.

• Proxy services: use third-party services that allow you to perform several requests simultaneously from the same IP address. Popular options include Proxy.io, VPN providers with proxy servers, or even cloud-based APIs such as Cloudflare’s API Gateway.

• Grouping of API calls: make as many API calls as possible in one session to reduce the total number of requests.

Although this restriction may annoy some users, it is worth noting that Bitfinex probably took these measures to maintain network stability and prevent abuse. Once you understand what is causing the API limitation, you can take steps to work around it or find alternative solutions to optimize the use of the Ethereum API.

Tax Havens: Are They Still Relevant for Cryptocurrency?

The world of cryptocurrency has brought about a new era of financial freedom and innovation. With the rise of decentralized exchanges, cryptocurrencies can be bought and sold with minimal transaction fees and low barriers to entry. However, this newfound freedom comes with a set of challenges that have led to concerns about tax evasion and money laundering in the industry.

In the early days of cryptocurrency, it was relatively easy for individuals to hide their assets from taxes by using offshore bank accounts or shell companies. However, as the market grew and more people began to participate, governments around the world stepped up their efforts to combat tax evasion and money laundering.

Tax Evasion and Money Laundering: The Concerns

Tax authorities are keenly aware of the potential for cryptocurrencies to be used for illicit purposes such as tax evasion and money laundering. According to a report by Europol, cryptocurrency transactions can be used to launder large amounts of money without being detected.

One major concern is that cryptocurrencies can offer a degree of anonymity, making it difficult to track the true ownership of assets. This has led some governments to implement strict regulations on cryptocurrency use, such as requiring individuals to register their accounts with tax authorities or paying taxes on profits earned from cryptocurrency investments.

The Role of Tax Havens

So, are tax havens still relevant for cryptocurrencies? The answer is yes, but it’s not a straightforward one. Governments around the world have implemented various measures to crack down on tax evasion and money laundering in the cryptocurrency space. Here are some examples:

• Panama Papers: In 2016, the Panama Papers scandal exposed widespread tax avoidance by wealthy individuals who used offshore bank accounts to hide their assets from taxes.

• FATCA: In 2014, the US introduced the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA), which requires foreign financial institutions to report on the source of funds for U.S. citizens and residents.

• AML/KYC: Many countries have implemented Anti-Money Laundering/Know-Your-Customer regulations that require financial institutions to verify the identity of their customers and monitor transactions for suspicious activity.

Regulatory Frameworks

Governments around the world are taking a more active role in regulating cryptocurrencies. Here are some examples:

• Bitcoin Taxation: In 2019, Sweden became the first country to tax Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies.

• KYC/CRT Requirements: Many countries have implemented KYC (Know Your Customer) requirements for cryptocurrency exchanges and wallet providers.

• AML/KYC Regulations: The UK has introduced a range of AML/KYC regulations that require financial institutions to verify the identity of their customers.

The Future of Cryptocurrency Taxation

As cryptocurrencies continue to grow in popularity, it’s likely that governments will become more aggressive in their efforts to regulate them. While tax havens may seem like a convenient way for individuals to hide their assets from taxes, they can actually have unintended consequences such as:

• Reducing the attractiveness of cryptocurrency

  : If governments are too restrictive on how cryptocurrencies can be used or traded, it could lead to a decrease in demand and an increase in prices.

• Creating more opportunities for illicit activities: Tax authorities may become less willing to crack down on tax evasion and money laundering if they believe that governments around the world are not doing enough.

Conclusion

Tax havens are still relevant for cryptocurrencies, but their use is becoming increasingly restricted.

Protecting Your Crypto Portfolio App: Storing API Keys and Secrets

When developing your crypto portfolio app with Ionic 5 using Express.js, it is important to ensure that sensitive information such as API keys and secrets are not exposed publicly. In this article, we will discuss the importance of protecting your app by securely storing your Binance API keys and secrets.

Why is storing API keys and secrets a problem?

Storing sensitive data such as API keys and secrets directly in your code can lead to several problems:

• Security Risks: If an attacker gains access to your code, they may also gain access to your API keys and secrets.

• Compliance Requirements

  : Many regulatory bodies require organizations to keep sensitive information private. Storing API keys and secrets publicly can make it difficult to meet these requirements.

Which is the better approach?

To address these concerns, consider the following strategies for storing Binance API keys and secrets:

1. Use environment variables

You can store your Binance API key and secret as environment variables on your computer or in a secure storage solution like AWS S3. This approach ensures that sensitive information remains private when deployed in a production environment.

2. Use a secret management service

Services like HashiCorp’s Vault, AWS Secrets Manager, or Google Cloud Secret Manager provide secure storage and management of sensitive data. These services offer features like encryption, access controls, and auditing, making it easy to securely manage your API keys and secrets.

3. Use a Hardware Security Module (HSM)

If you are building a production-grade application that requires high security requirements, consider using a Hardware Security Module (HSM). HSMs offer an additional layer of protection by encrypting and storing sensitive data offline, making it much more difficult for attackers to access.

4. Use a cryptographic library

Instead of storing raw API keys and secrets, you can use a cryptographic library such as the built-in Node.js crypto module or external libraries such as OpenSSL to generate and manage secure keys and secrets.

Code example: Storing Binance API keys as environment variables

Here is an example code snippet that shows how to store the Binance API key and secret as environment variables in Node.js:

const crypto = require('crypto');
// Set the Binance API key as an environment variable
process.env.BINANCE_API_KEY = 'YOUR_BINARY_API_KEY';
// Generate a secure password using the crypto module
const password = crypto.pbkdf2Sync('mysecretpassword', 100000, 32, 128, 'sha512').toString();
process.env.BINANCE_PASSWORD = password;
module.exports = { API_KEY: process.env.BINANCE_API_KEY, PASSWORD: process.env.BINANCE_PASSWORD };

Code Example: Storing Binance API Keys and Secrets with a Secret Management Service

Here is an example code snippet showing how to store Binance API keys and secrets using HashiCorp’s vault:

const vault = require('node-vault');
// Create a new secret with the Binance API key

vault.write('binance_api_key', 'YOUR_BINARY_API_KEY')


// Create a second secret with a password

vault.write('binance_password', 'mysecretpassword')

In conclusion, securely storing Binance API keys and secrets is critical to protecting your application from security risks and regulatory requirements. Consider using environment variables, a secret management service, or a hardware security module (HSM) to store sensitive information privately.

By following these best practices, you can ensure that your crypto portfolio application with Ionic 5 is secure, reliable, and compliant.

Adding the Polygon (Matic) Network to MetaMask: A Step-by-Step Guide

When you have a MetaMask wallet installed on your Ethereum network, one of its primary functions is to allow users to access and interact with decentralized applications (dApps) on the blockchain. However, when it comes to connecting to alternative networks, such as the Polygon Matic network, things get more complex.

In this article, we will explore what you need to know when adding a custom network to your MetaMask wallet to connect to the Polygon (Matic) network.

Why add a custom network?

Before diving into the step-by-step guide, it is essential to understand why you might want to add a custom network to MetaMask. Here are a few scenarios:

• You are an exchange or trading platform that wants to allow users to access and trade Matic tokens on your own platforms.

• You are a dApp developer who needs to interact with the Polygon network for testing purposes.

• You are a user who wants to participate in Matic reward staking.

Details required to add a custom network

To add a custom network to MetaMask, you will need to provide the following details:

• Network Name:

  The name of your custom network. This should match the format used by the Polygon (Matic) network (e.g. polygonmainnet).

• Chain ID: The unique identifier for the Matic network. This is used to identify the specific chain.

• Public Address: A public address that can be used to connect to your custom network. This is usually in the format “0x…”.

• Network URL: The URL of your network. custom network, which should send to a local blockchain instance.

Adding a Custom Network

To add a custom network to MetaMask, follow these steps:

• Open the MetaMask app and navigate to the Settings section.

• Click on “Advanced” or “Networks” to access the settings page.

• In the “Networks” section, click on the “+” icon to create a new network.

• Enter the required details for your custom network (network name, chain ID, public address, and network URL).

• Click on “Create Network” to save the new network.

Testing Your Custom Network

After you have added your custom network, it is essential to test it to make sure everything is working properly. Here are a few steps to follow:

• Log in to the MetaMask app using the public address of your custom network.

• Verify that you can view and interact with Matic tokens on the new network.

• Test staking rewards, trading, or other dApp functionality as needed.

Security Considerations

When adding a custom network, it is essential to follow security best practices:

• Use a secure connection (HTTPS) when connecting to your custom network.

• Keep your MetaMask wallet and private keys confidential.

• Regularly update your MetaMask app and plugins to ensure you have the latest security patches.

In conclusion, adding a custom network to MetaMask is a simple process that requires providing specific details. By following these steps, you can successfully connect to the Polygon (Matic) network and access its features and functionalities.

Here is an article according to your specifications:

Metamask: Js callback ignored after Metamask Pay confirmation – if multiple payments are shown in a popup

When paying via MetaMask, a situation may arise where there are multiple unconfirmed payments. The problem is that in this case, when one of the transactions is completed, the js callback is ignored.

The problem is that the MetaMask “payment” function processes multiple payment requests and clears its internal state as soon as the transaction is resolved. However, it does not notify the JavaScript callback function (in this case “onComplete”) about successful payments made using this function. This means that even if you have successfully paid via MetaMask and are prompted to confirm the transaction in a popup, the js callback will be ignored.

This can be confusing for users trying to verify their transactions or recover lost funds. In such cases, it may not be immediately clear why some payments were approved and others were not.

To address this issue, developers should consider using alternative approaches, such as using Web3 libraries such as Web3.js or ethers.js, which are a more robust and reliable way to handle MetaMask transactions. These libraries often have built-in functionality to handle multiple payment requests and report successful payments using a js callback.

It is also worth noting that some browsers may behave differently when it comes to approving payments. For example, older versions of Chrome may continue to display a prompt after a transaction has been approved even if the js callback has not been reported. This can make it difficult for users to understand why their transactions are being processed.

To address this issue and ensure that your MetaMask-based application is functioning properly, developers should monitor their logs and browser console for errors or warnings related to payment processing. They may also consider implementing additional checks or fallback mechanisms in case the payment validation using the js callback fails.

By understanding the limitations of the “payment” feature and taking steps to work around them, developers can create more robust and reliable applications that meet the needs of their users.

Ethereum: How Anonymous Are Bitcoin Transactions?

When it comes to Bitcoin transactions, the level of anonymity can be a subject of debate among enthusiasts and experts alike. While Bitcoin’s decentralized nature and cryptographic mechanisms are designed to protect user privacy, the reality is that some aspects of Bitcoin transactions are indeed more transparent than others.

What Makes Bitcoin Transactions Anonymous?

Bitcoin transactions are pseudonymous, meaning they cannot be directly linked to any specific person or entity. Here’s how it works:

• Hashing: Each Bitcoin transaction is represented by a unique “hash,” which is like a digital fingerprint.

• Coinbase and Exchanges: Most Bitcoin transactions take place through exchanges like Coinbase or other online trading platforms where users can buy, sell, or trade Bitcoin. These exchanges typically display sender and recipient addresses, but these addresses are pseudonymous.

• Transaction records: The blockchain, a public ledger that records all Bitcoin transactions, also contains metadata about each transaction, such as the sender and recipient addresses.

What makes Bitcoin transactions semi-anonymous?

While Bitcoin transactions are generally considered anonymous, there are certain aspects of them that can reveal a user’s identity:

• Blockchain metadata: Although the blockchain is publicly available, certain information, such as the sender and recipient addresses, can be linked to specific wallets or accounts.

• Wallet addresses: Some users store their Bitcoins in multiple wallets, which can allow others to identify them based on their wallet address.

• Receiving Bitcoins from Someone You Don’t Know: If you receive Bitcoins directly from a stranger without prior communication, your identity could be revealed through the transaction itself.

How ​​Anonymous Are Bitcoin Transactions?

In some cases, Bitcoin transactions can be more transparent than others:

• Private Wallets: Some users store their Bitcoins in private wallets, which can make them difficult to identify.

• Hidden Addresses

  : Some third-party services offer “hidden addresses” or “public key addresses” that can help maintain user anonymity.

• Security-First Cryptocurrencies: Some cryptocurrencies, such as Monero, focus on providing a more secure and private way to make transactions.

Conclusion

While Bitcoin’s anonymity is a significant advantage, it’s important to note that certain aspects of the transaction process can reveal a user’s identity. By understanding how Bitcoin transactions are performed, users can make informed decisions about their preferences for online security and anonymity.

In summary, the level of anonymity in Bitcoin transactions depends on various factors, including:

• Use of pseudonymous exchanges and wallets

• Presence of blockchain metadata and wallet addresses

• Identity of the recipient (if known or unknown)

By being aware of these aspects, users can take full advantage of their online security and choose the level of anonymity that best suits their needs.

Ethereum Mine Segwit Transactions

Verify eth_call Results with Cryptographic Proofs for L1s and L2s

As the adoption of decentralized applications (dApps) on the Ethereum network continues to grow, ensuring the reliability and integrity of static call requests (eth_call) is becoming increasingly important. Currently, the returned data from these calls can be as trustworthy as the node or service providing it, which may not always be the case.

In this article, we will explore how cryptographic proofs can be used to verify the results of eth_call requests on both Layer 1 (L1) and Layer 2 (L2) networks.

Understanding Ethereum’s L1 and L2 Networks

Before diving into the world of cryptography, it’s essential to understand the two primary layers that make up the Ethereum network:

• Layer 1 (L1): This refers to the underlying blockchain, which is responsible for executing smart contracts. The L1 network is decentralized, meaning there are no intermediaries, and all transactions are recorded on a public ledger called the Block Explorer.

• Layer 2 (L2): This layer acts as an intermediary between the L1 network and the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). It enables faster transaction processing times, lower fees, and improved scalability. The L2 network is also decentralized.

The Problem with Unverified Data

When using eth_call requests to access smart contracts on the L1 network, there are several potential issues that can arise:

• Data Tampering

  

  : A malicious actor could potentially tamper with the returned data from an eth_call request.

• Lack of Authentication

  : The Ethereum node or service providing the data may not be authenticated, making it difficult to verify its integrity.

Using Cryptographic Proofs for Verification

To address these issues, cryptographic proofs can be used to verify the results of eth_call requests on both L1 and L2 networks. Here are some ways you can implement this:

L1 Network

Using Web3.js with JSON-LD and GraphQL

Web3.js is a popular JavaScript library that enables interaction with the Ethereum blockchain. By using JSON-LD (JavaScript Object Notation for Linked Data) and GraphQL, you can create a decentralized application (dApp) on the L1 network that provides a secure way to access smart contracts.

“javascript

// Import required libraries

const Web3 = require('web3');

const jsonld = require('json-ld');

// Set up your Ethereum node or service

const web3 = new Web3(new Web3.providers.HttpProvider('

// Define a function to execute an eth_call request with JSON-LD and GraphQL

async function executeEthCall(request) {

// Create a GraphQL query using the json-ld library

const schema = new GraphQLSchema({

typeDefs: [

{

type: 'Query',

args: {

contractAddress: { type: 'String' },

contractFunctionName: { type: 'String' }

},

resolve: async (parent, args) => {

// Execute the eth_call request

const result = await web3.eth.call({

to: args.contractAddress,

data: args.contractFunctionName,

from: '0xYOUR_PROJECT_ID'

});

return JSON.parse(result);

}

}

]

});

// Use GraphQL'sexecuteQuerymethod to execute the query

const response = await schema.executeQuery({

query: {

query:

query {

contractAddress: ${args.contractAddress}

contractFunctionName: ${args.contractFunctionName}

}

`,

variables: args

}

});

return JSON.parse(response.data);

}

// Example usage:

const request = { contractAddress: ‘0xYOUR_CONTRACT_ADDRESS’, contractFunctionName: ‘myContractFunction’ };

executeEthCall(request).then((result) => console.

Converting Bech32 Bitcoin Addresses to Legacy Format Using Web3.js

When working with Bitcoin, it’s not uncommon for developers and users to need to switch between different formats. One such conversion is from the new Bech32 Bitcoin address format used by the Ethereum blockchain (Bech32) to its legacy counterpart, the Segwit Bitcoin address format. In this article, we’ll explore how you can perform this conversion using the popular JavaScript library Web3.js.

Background

Before we dive into the conversion process, let’s quickly summarize the differences between Bech32 and Segwit addresses:

• Bech32: A two-part address format that combines a hexadecimal key (public key) with a tag (version). It is used by Bitcoin Core wallets and many other applications.

• Segwit: An improvement to the Bech32 format that breaks the data into smaller blocks called “tags” and adds support for multiple signatures per block.

Converting Bech32 to Legacy Segwit Addresses

To convert a native Bech32 Bitcoin address to a legacy Segwit format, you need to follow these steps:

• Extract the public key (hex string): Find the hexadecimal representation of the first 34 characters of your Bech32 address. This will be used as the public key for the new address.

• Calculate the block number and timestamp: Use Web3.js’s eth_blockNumber and eth_timestamp functions to get the current block number and timestamp, respectively. These values ​​can be obtained using a network provider such as Infura or a local blockchain API (e.g. the Bitcoin Core wallet).

• Create a new Segwit address: Create a new Segwit address in the following format: () () (<...>).

Here is some sample code to get you started:

const Web3 = require('web3');
const web3 = new Web3(new Web3.providers.HttpProvider('
// Extract public key (hex string) from Bech32 address
const bech32Address = '12345678901234567890abcdef';
const publicKey = web3.eth.accounts.fromRawAddress(bech32Address, 0);
// Calculate block number and timestamp
const blockNumber = web3.eth.blockNumber;
const timestamp = web3.eth.timestamp();
// Create new Segwit address
const segwitAddress = ${blockNumber} ${timestamp} ${publicKey.toString(16)} (${1}) (${2}) (${3}) (${4}) (${5}) (${6}) (${7});
console.log(segwitAddress);

Note: The 1, 2, 3, …, 7 in the Segwit address are placeholders for additional signatures that can be generated using the Ethereum wallet or a separate service. Be sure to replace these placeholders with the actual values.

This code snippet shows how to extract the public key from a Bech32 address, calculate the block number and timestamp, create a new Segwit address, and print the result. By following this process, you can successfully convert native Bech32 Bitcoin addresses to older Segwit formats using Web3.js.

Additional Tips:

• When working with Bitcoin, it is important to remember that using Bech32 addresses for some services may require additional setup or configuration steps.

• The Ethereum blockchain has a limited number of blocks per second (around 15), which can impact performance. You may need to adjust your code accordingly.

• Always consult the official Web3.js documentation and other reliable sources for up-to-date information on the latest changes and best practices.

If you follow this article, you should now be able to convert Bech32 bitcoin addresses to older Segwit formats using Web3.js. If you have any further questions or need additional help, feel free to ask!

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